Linear Algebra Primer

Simon Dennis and Rachael Gibson

Table of Contents

Exercise 1: Train the network for one epoch and record the weights in the TRAIN FROG row of the following table. How have the weights changed?

Weight 1Weight 2
TRAIN FROG  
TRAIN FROG & KOALA  
TRAIN FROG & TOAD  

Exercise 2: Test each of the items, FROG, TOAD and KOALA, and record the match values (the activation of the output unit) in the second table. Explain the match values.

TEST FROGTEST TOADTEST KOALA
TRAIN FROG   
TRAIN FROG & KOALA   
TRAIN FROG & TOAD   

Exercise 3: Train the network for one more epoch and test again. What happens to the match values after a second training trial? Why?

Exercise 4: Add KOALA to the input set and an output value of 1 to the output set. Zero the weights (using the ACTIONS menu) and retrain the network on the updated input set. Test the network as before, recording the values in the table in the TRAIN FROG & KOALA row.

Exercise 5: Delete KOALA from the input set and add TOAD. Zero the weights, retrain and test as above, recording the values in the TRAIN FROG & TOAD row. You should have six weight values and nine match values for each training trial. Create a graph of the match values after the first training trial: plot three lines, one for each test item, against the three training conditions. Explain the shape of each line on the graph.

Exercise 6: For each of the three training conditions (FROG alone, FROG & KOALA, FROG & TOAD):

  1. Draw the geometric (graphical) representation of the weights,
  2. Provide the algebraic representation of the weights.


Matrices - Rank Two Tensors

The vector memory, discussed above, was capable of storing items so that at a later time it could be determined if they had appeared. A matrix memory allows two items to be associated - so that given one we can retrieve the other. Algebraically, a matrix is usually represented as a bolded upper case letter (e.g. M).

Associations are formed using the outer product operation. A outer product between two vectors is calculated by multiplying each element in one vector by each element in the other vector (see Figure 8). If the first vector has dimension d1 and the second vector dimension d2, the outer product matrix has dimension d1xd2. For instance, a three dimensional vector multiplied by a two dimensional vector has dimension 3x2.

Figure 8: The outer product.

The outer product operation is expressed algebraically by placing the vectors to be multiplied next to each other. So the outer product of v and w is written as v w.

These association matrices are then added into the memory matrix (as in the vector memory case) - so that all associations are stored as a single composite. A matrix memory maps to a two layer network (one input and one output layer) as depicted in Figure 9. The number of input units corresponds to the number of rows in the original matrix, while the number of output units corresponds to the number of columns. Each input unit is connected to each output unit.

Figure 9: The network representation of a matrix.

In the following exercise you will use a matrix memory network to store and recall pairs of items.

Exercise 7: Load the simulator, BrainWave. From the NETWORKS menu - select Matrix Model (1). What rank tensor does this network implement? What are its dimensions?

Exercise 8: The items in this exercise are:

The input set contains the items FROG, KOALA and SNAIL, paired with items in the output set FLIES, LEAVES and LETTUCE, respectively. Another input item, TOAD [0.5, 0.4, 0.6, 0.45], can be used to test the network on unfamiliar input. Calculate the similarity value (i.e. dot product) of the items FROG, KOALA, SNAIL and TOAD with themselves, and each other, and record the values in the table below:

FROGKOALASNAILTOAD
FROG    
KOALA    
SNAIL    
TOAD    

Exercise 9: Train the network for one epoch. Test each of the items FROG, KOALA, SNAIL and TOAD. What output is produced in each case? (Give the output pattern and also describe the output patterns in terms of their similarity to FLIES, LEAVES and LETTUCE).

FROG   
KOALA   
SNAIL   
TOAD   

Exercise 10: Give the algebraic equation that describes the matrix memory formed from the three pairs of associates:

Exercise 11: Give the equations that describe each of the retrievals in exercise 9. Use the similarity measures from the table above to simplify each equation to a weighted sum of the target patterns.




Tensors of Rank Three and Above

The final sort of tensor we need to demonstrate the matrix model is the rank three tensor. The rank three tensor allows a three way association to be represented. For instance, we could store the information that John loves Mary - [Loves John Mary] - or that Apple appeared with Pencil in List 1 [List 1, Apple, Pencil].

A tensor of rank three maps to a three layer network (one input layer with two sets of units, one output layer, and one layer of hidden units) as depicted in Figure 10. The number of units in the input sets and the output set correspond to the dimensionality of the tensor. The number of hidden units corresponds to the number of units in one input set times the number of units in the other input set. Each hidden unit has a connection from one input unit from each input set, with a hidden unit existing for each possible combination. These hidden units are SigmaPi units, the value of which is set to the multiplication of the two input units to which it is connected. To implement a rank three tensor, the weights in the first layer are frozen at one. Consequently, a hidden unit's activation will equal the multiplication of the activations of the input units to which it is connected. Each hidden unit is then connected to each output unit.

Figure 10: The network representation of a rank three tensor.

In these exercises, you will use both rank two and three tensor networks to store and recall triples of items.

Exercise 12: Load the simulator, BrainWave. From the NETWORKS menu - Matrix Model (2). What rank tensor does this network implement?







Exercise 13: The items in this exercise are:

Cues:

Relations: Targets: Notice that the vectors for the cues are the same as those used above. Also notice that EATS and LIVES-IN are orthogonal to each other - that is they have a dot product of zero.

Calculate the similarity (dot product) table for the targets.

FLIESLEAVESLETTUCEPONDTREESHELL
FLIES      
LEAVES      
LETTUCE      
POND      
TREE      
SHELL      

Exercise 14: The cue+relation input set contains the items FROG-EATS, KOALA-EATS, SNAIL-EATS, FROG-LIVES_IN, KOALA-LIVES_IN and SNAIL-LIVES_IN, paired with items in the output set FLIES, LEAVES, LETTUCE, POND, TREE, and SHELL, respectively. Two other input items, TOAD-EATS and TOAD-LIVES_IN, can be used to test the network's response to unfamiliar input.

Train the network for one epoch. Test each of the items FROG-EATS, KOALA-EATS, SNAIL-EATS, FROG-LIVES_IN, KOALA-LIVES_IN, SNAIL-LIVES_IN, TOAD-EATS and TOAD-LIVES_IN. What output is produced in each case? (Give the output pattern and also describe the output patterns in terms of their similarity to FLIES, LEAVES, LETTUCE, POND, TREE and SHELL)

Exercise 15: How does the performance of this network compare with the performance of the network in Exercise 8? Why is it not as good?

Exercise 16: Give the algebraic equation that describes the matrix memory formed from the three pairs of associates:

Exercise 17: Give the equations that describe each of the retrievals from exercise 14. Use the similarity measures from the table above to simplify each equation to a weighted sum of the target patterns.

Exercise 18: From the NETWORKS menu - select Matrix Model (3). What rank tensor does this network implement?



Exercise 19: The inputs and outputs for this network are the same as for the previous one, but the connections and hidden SigmaPi units perform different calculations on the inputs to try and achieve the correct outputs. Train the network for one epoch. Test each of the items FROG-EATS, KOALA-EATS, SNAIL-EATS, FROG-LIVES_IN, KOALA-LIVES_IN, SNAIL-LIVES_IN, TOAD-EATS and TOAD-LIVES_IN.

What output is produced in each case? (Give the output pattern and also describe the output patterns in terms of their similarity to FLIES, LEAVES, LETTUCE, POND, TREE and SHELL).

Exercise 20: Which of the two networks performs the memory task better? Why?

Exercise 21: Give the algebraic equation that describes the matrix memory formed from the three pairs of associates:

Exercise 22: Give the equations that describe each of the cued recall tests from question 19. Use the similarity measures from the table above to simplify each equation to a weighted sum of the target patterns.

In this section, we have been looking at the way in which tensors of rank one, two and three can be used to store information. In the next section, we will examine the Matrix Model, which uses precisely this mechanism to explain the nature of human memory.

Objective Checklist

In this chapter, we have been looking at the Matrix Model of long term memory. The following is a check list of skills and knowledge which you should obtain while working on this chapter. Go through the list and tick off those things you are confident you can do. For any item outstanding, you should refer back to the appropriate section or consult your tutor.

References