Suppose we have three people represented by the vectors v, w, and x. We can form a memory by adding these:
M = v + w + x
To determine if a given item has been stored we calculate the dot product of the item with the memory vector.
w.M = w.(v + w + x)
= w.v + w.w + w.x
= 1
Alternately, if w was not stored the dot product would be 0.
Notice that a single layer network employing Hebbian learning and with a single output unit that is always on during learning is mathematically identical to the memory outlined above.